Biological Mass Spectrometry for Macromolecules:Approaches and Applications

According to the indiscernibility relation, in this paper, the concept of indiscernibility matrix is proposed and the relation between discernibility matrix and indiscernibility matrix is shown. The advantage of indiscernibility matrix is pointed out. Then, an attribute reduction algorithm based on indiscernibility matrix is introduced. Compared with discernibility matrix algorithm, this algorithm greatly reduces running time and memory space.     

长白山过伐云冷杉恢复林分主要树种径阶生长与枯损模拟

以长白山过伐林区金沟岭林场的云冷杉林4个局级固定样地连续12年的观测数据为研究对象,利用固定样地内主要针叶树种红松、冷杉和云杉,从1978年到1984年6年内的胸径与定期平均生长量对应值数据,建立林木径阶生长转移概率模型,预估林木径阶平均生长量,并利用1990年观测数据进行检验,结果表明:所建概率模型实际应用误差较小,精度较高;同时还分析了1978年至1990年12年间云冷杉林的枯损林木株数分布特征,通过模型模拟和检验,表明Weibull分布函数适用于异龄混交林的枯损株数分布模拟。     

基于空间灰度共生矩阵的木材纹理特征提取

讨论了生成步长、生成方向、图像灰度级对灰度共生矩阵特征参数的影响，在对国内50个树种计算分析的基础上，得出适于描述木材纹理的灰度共生矩阵构造方法。结合了灰度共生矩阵特征参数间的相关性及木材纹理自身的特征提取出了一套表征木材纹理的特征参数。     

应用Fuzzy矩阵传递闭包法对林木适宜生长气候区的划分

松山区位于赤峰市南部 ,南北宽 85 km,东西长 1 5 2 km,造林树种不易统一。本文应用 Fuzzy矩阵传递闭包法 ,对全松山区林木适宜生长气候区进行了聚类划分 ,为按气候因素和林木生物学特性确定适宜造林树种提供了依据     

Alterations of intracellular Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript> concentration and ultrastructure in spruce apical bud cells during seasonal transition

Potassium antimonite was used to localize Ca^2 in the apical bud cells of spruce from July 1999 to May 2000.During the period of active growth (July 14), Calcium precipitates, an indication of Ca^2 localization, were mainly distributed in vacuoles, intercellular spaces and cell walls. Few Ca^2 deposits localized in the cytosol and nucleus, showing a low level of the cytosolic and nuclear Ca^2 concentration in the warm summer. In August, some Ca^2 deposits appeared in the cytosol and nuclei,indicating that Ca^2 influx occurred in the cytosol and nucleus as the day length became shorter. From September to November, high levels of the cytosolic and nuclear Ca^2 remained. During the mid-winter (December and January), the distribution of Ca^2 deposits and the ultrastructures in the cells were altered dramatically. Plasmolysis occurred in many cells due to the protoplasmic dehydration.In addition plasmalemma invagination and nuclear chromatin aggregation also occurred. A large number of Ca^2 deposits appeared in the space between the plasmalemma and the cell wall. And also some Ca^2 deposits were distributed in the plastids. However, few Ca^2 deposits were observed in the cytosol and nuclei. By spring of the next year (May), when plants were de-acclimated and resumed active growth, Ca^2 subcellular localization essentially restored to that observed in July of the last year, i.e., the cells contained low cytosolic and nuclear Ca^2 concentrations; Ca^2 deposits were mainly distributed in the vacuoles, cell walls and intercellular spaces. The relationships between the seasonal changes of intracellular Ca^2 concentration and the development of dormancy/cold acclimation, as well as plasmolysis associated with dormancy and cold hardiness were discussed.     

森林资源数据更新研究

研究森林资源数据更新,涉及各类林业用地以及非林地的地类面积更新和总体蓄积量的估计值更新两个部分。在地类面积数据更新上,主要研究地类面积的转移,利用省级落入市辖区两期的一类调查数据得到5年间地类面积转移矩阵,更新二类调查的面积数据。在蓄积量数据更新上,主要研究采用多种抽样技术的估计方法比较,从中选择相对较优抽样估计方法,并得到在选定方法下的森林蓄积量现状估计值。     

Land-use by immigrant Baoulé farmers in the Taï region,South-west Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

This paper discusses the cropping system of immigrant Baoulé farmers in the rain-forest area of South-west Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The area harbours one of the last substantial rain-forest reserves of humid West Africa. Part of it is known as Taï National Park, and has been adopted as one of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme areas.The park area is threatened by farmers in search of land.Soils in the area typically show a low intrinsic nutrient content (particularly phosphorus and potassium), low pH values, a low CEC, and, locally, high levels of gravel.In the Baoulé cropping system fields are kept under perennial crops, mainly cacao, after having been used for food crop cultivation during the first two years. Yam, the most important food crop is grown on mounds. Next to the inherent poverty of the soil, this cropping technique, which disrupts the structure of the top soil is seen as one of the causes for low yields of cocoa on Baoulé farms in the area. Yields per ha amount to c. 60% of that of the national average.The conclusion is that the Baoulé agricultural production system is ill-adapted to the local ecosystem.Measures to improve adaptation include: Introduction of crop species adapted to adverse soil conditions (e.g. rubber, oilpalm), to buffer cacao plantations through planting of shade trees, to apply fertilisers, and to make use of biological nitrogen-fixation.Generally, the remedies proposed involve investments in terms of cash and labour on the part of the farmers. It is argued that farmers will not change their current cropping practices as long as there is forested land in the vicinity. The presence of the Taï forest, c. 300.000 ha of virgin rain-forest, impedes the process of change towards more intensive land-use practices.

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Résumé Aménagement du terroir par les paysans immigrés Baoulé dans la région Taï, Sud-Ouest Ivoirien Ce document traite le système agricole des paysans immigrés Baoulés dans les régions des forêts tropicales humides du Sud-Ouest Ivoirien. Cette région héberge une des dernières réserves substantielles de la forêt tropicale de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Le Parc National de Taï est la partie de la forêt que l'UNESCO a adoptée dans le cadre du Programme Homme et Biosphère.A l'heure actuelle les intrusions des paysans à la recherche de terre menacent le parc.Une des caractéristiques de cette région est que les sols montrent un niveau bas de nutrients intrinsiques (notamment le phosphore et la potasse), des valeurs basses de pH, une faible capacité d'absorption cationique et, localement, des niveaux élevés de gravier. Les paysans Baoulé plantent des cultures pérennes, surtout le cacaoyer, après avoir produit des cultures vivrières pendant les deux premières années. L'alinment principal, l'igname, est cultivé dans les buttes. A part la pauvresse inhérente au sol, cette technique culturale, qui dérange la structure de la couche arable du sol, est considérée comme une des causes des bas rendements du cacaoyer aux exploitations agricoles Baoulé dans la région. Les rendements par hectare n'atteignent que 60% de la moyenne nationale.On peut conclure que le système de culture Baoulé est mal adapté à l'écologie locale. Les mesures à prendre pour améliorer l'adaptation comprennent: L'introduction des cultures mieux adaptées aux conditions de sol défavorables (par exemple le hévéa, le palmier à huile), protéger les plantations de cacaoyer en mettant des arbres ombreux, l'application des engrais, et l'emploi de la fixation biologique de l'azote par certains arbres légumineux. En général, les solutions proposées entraînent des investissements en termes financiers et de travail de la part des paysans. Il est souligné que les paysans ne changeront pas leur système du culture actuel tant que les forêts sont à proximité. Donc, la présence de la forêt Taï, environ 300.000 hectares de forêt tropicale primaire, empêche le processus de changement en pratiques d'aménagement du terroir.